The Creation of Modern Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Creation of Modern Capitalism - Essay Example We are now in the early stages of such a revolution, the transformation toward sustainable development. Most large corporations developed in an era of abundant raw materials, cheap energy, and limitless sinks for waste disposal. While successful in reestablishing the legitimacy of an industry under tremendous public pressure, Responsible Care has failed to address the fundamental underlying problems associated with the chemical industry; many of its products and processes are highly toxic, resource intensive, and continue to place enormous pressures on air and water resources. (Abernathy, 1978, 41) As the corporation ages, the bureaucracy begins to settle in. Passions cool and are replaced by "rational decision making," often simply the codification of what has worked in the past. Data are gathered, analysis is performed, alternatives are postulated, and scenarios are developed. Attempts are made to avoid the game of information sculpting. Only when rational decision making is in vogue does all the relevant information flow to the right decision maker, at the right time, and in the right form to be easily analyzed and interpreted. Rational decision making is triumphant, at least for a while. This stage is often pictured as the normal state of the corporation, although in our experience, particularly as the pace of change increases, rarely does this ideal state accurately describe how the company actually operates. Eventually, rational decision making reveals that the future potential of the business is limited. Often, at this point, threatened by the prospect of a bleak future, the corporation falls back on defensive routines to protect the organization from its fate, just as defensive emotions emerge in our lives when we sense impending trauma. Management now sees the future filled more with trouble than with promise. Decisions are made to protect existing businesses. The fear of discarding the old for the new (product cannibalization), the fear of channel conflict, and the fear of earnings dilution through acquisition paralyze acts of creative destruction and often effectively shield the corporation from the perception of future trouble--as well as the need to act--for a long time. Cultural lock-in is established, thwarting the emergence of a leader or team that might save the day. The causes of cultural lock-in Why does cultural lock-in occur The heart of the problem is the formation of hidden sets of rules, or mental models, that once formed are extremely difficult to change. Mental models are the core concepts of the corporation, the beliefs and assumptions, the cause-and-effect relationships, the guidelines for interpreting language and signals, the stories repeated within the corporate walls. Charlie Munger, a longtime friend of and co-investor with Warren Buffett and vice chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, calls mental models the "theoretical frameworks that help investors better understand the world." Mental models are invisible in the corporation. They are neither explicit nor

My Strategies To Develop My Pdp Education Essay

My Strategies To Develop My Pdp Education Essay SCENARIO I have been appointed as a manager of Finance 4 U and the first assignment that I need to undertake along with other managerial activities is to prepare a detailed Personal Development Plan. The plan will include strategy of developing a plan, goals and objectives, milestones, timescales and resources needed. Hopefully the PDP that I will prepare shall provide guidelines for the rest of the employees on how to form the PDP for themselves leading to the betterment of the whole organisation. OBJECTIVES Explain about PDP. Describe the importance of PDP. Explain my current situation and need for improvement. My goals both short and long term. My Strategies to develop my PDP. My short term PDP including goals, resource needed, timescales, milestones and checkpoints and success criteria. Importance of reviewing. Conclusion in slides. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN DEFINITION Personal Development Planning is basically a structured process developed by an individual to relook and reflect upon his/her own current situation, performances, achievements, goals and to plan for their personal, educational and career development. It is a process or tool which can be adopted by individuals at all levels and all areas of life. If the PDP is well planned and used effectively, it tremendously improves the ability of individuals to review, plan and take responsibility for their own personality and learning improvement and to understand what and how they learn and develop. Putting it bluntly, Personal Development Planning is a process by which an individual can manage their own development through a process of reflection and structured planning on how they can meet their own goals. Many organisations and universities require their employees and students to prepare their PDP and follow accordingly as the importance of a PDP is widely understood in this modern era. PDP PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE The purpose and importance of a Personal Development Plan is providing the individual with an aid to learn and develop more effectively and to be able to: Improve the way of learning different scenarios via different methods. Make him/her responsible enough to understand and manage his/her learning process as a whole. Make him/her more independent. Set up both long and short term goals and objectives. Understand the resources needed to achieve those objectives. Set up a list and analyse his/her own strengths and weaknesses. Take corrective actions if necessary on the progress. Improve on his/her effectiveness and efficiency. CURRENT SITUATION In order to explain my current situation I have identified and classified the following facts into my educational, professional and personal status. Educational: I have completed my Masters Degree in Business Administration (MBA). I have completed all papers from Association of Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA) but havent completed the 3years of practical experience requirement. Professional: I have worked as a junior accountant for 6 months in a UK based company. I have worked as an assistant to the Finance Controller for 1 year in a UK based company. Personal: My presentation skills are not satisfactory as I have always been quite shy on that respect (although good at interviews). My leadership skills are not quite as much as Id have liked as I have never really tested my leadership skills due lack of experience. My time management skills are not adequate as I believe there is a room for improvement. My decision making skills are definitely under par as I believe it is vital in this todays modern world. I dont seem to remain motivated and positive over a long period of time. GOALS My short-term goals are as follows: Understanding how the company is operating. Understanding the reasons for low motivation amongst staffs. Addressing the lack of awareness of skills development amongst staffs. My long-term goals are as follows: I need to improve my presentation skills significantly. I need to develop my leadership skills. I need to better my time management skills. I need to enhance my decision making skills. I need to learn to be more motivated and positive. 6. STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PDP My basic strategy for the development of PDP was not to develop a completely new system but alter the currently available practices and processes and produce a system that works for me and which will reflect my goals, skills and performances. Hence my strategies for development of PDP are as follows: Materials from online and other sources about how PDP can be developed efficiently are to be gathered. As the goals are already identified, timescale and milestones for the attainment of those goals are then determined. Resources needed and the feasibilities of those resources for those goals to be achieved are then amassed. Any obstacles or hindrances are ascertained and contingency plans be made in advance. Review and Monitoring of the performance will also be an essential part of my PDP. PDP Name: Sudhir Gurung Company: Finance 4 U Position: Manager Period from: Jan 1, 2010 To: Jan 31, 2010 Short term Current Situation Desired Situation Resources and support needed Success Criteria Target Dates New to the company. -Very less idea why staffs have low morale. -Understanding how the company is operating. -Understanding the reasons for low staff morale. -Increasing awareness about the need and importance of skills development amongst staff. -Good briefing by Managing Director. -Support and co-ordination from employees. -Authority to do interviews and issue questionnaires if necessary with staffs. -Authority to conduct meetings and seminars. -Get a general idea about the operation of the company. -Identify the reasons for low staff morale issues. -Every staff is clear about the necessity of skills development for themselves. -Perform a preliminary meeting with Managing Director and receive clear briefing and guidelines before joining the office on 1/1/2010. -Conduct interviews and questionnaires by 15/1/2010. -Conduct final meeting and elaborate your findings by 31/1/2010. Long Term Skills Current Situation Desired Situation Resources and support needed Success Criteria Target Dates -Presentation Skills -Leadership Skills -Time Management Skills -Decision Making Skills -Motivational Skills -Good speaker at interviews but lack flair and command while speaking in public. -Not much leadership experience. -Respect time but problems in prioritizing issues. -Ability to make logical decisions but cannot make it quickly. -De-motivated during tough times. -Excellent public speaker. -Good leader with ability to designate authority and responsibility properly. -Be able to prioritize the important things with other. -Be able to make quick decisions with a logical approach. -Be able to motivate both others and myself towards obtaining goals and self improvement. -Practice in plenty of seminars and meetings. -Take public speaking class. -Support and advice from superiors. -Learning relevant books and practicing. -Good relevant books and articles. -Logical reasoning -Study materials. -Motivational seminars. -Professional help. -Motivational autobiographies and other books. -Confidence in passing through the idea. -People looking up to me. -First and important things getting done first. -Efficient and effective decision making. -Source of inspiration. -Within two years -Within three years -Within one year -Within three years -Within two years REFERENCE Online http://www.leeds.ac.uk/sddu/gts/pdp_student.html http://www.qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/progressfiles/guidelines/pdp/pdpguide.pdf http://www.engsc.ac.uk/downloads/resources/pdp.pdf Paperback R. Grit, N. van der Sijde, Career Development, Managing Your Competencies- The Personal Development Plan, 2008, page 200. Sonnentag Sabine, Psychological Management Of Individual Performance, Revised Development Plan, 2002, Page 516. TASK 2 INTRODUCTION It is very important that from time to time we need to review our performances in order stay in-line with targets we need to achieve. It is very helpful as we will be able to take corrective actions. Hence, in this task I shall be referring back to the PDP that I produced in the previous task and I shall carry out a detailed self-review for each goal. OBJECTIVES Identification of obstacles that hinders achievement of my targets. Explaining the importance and need to reviewing, self-reviewing and monitoring. Providing reflective record of management experience in achieving my objectives. Elaborating the importance of obtaining support from other to achieve goals and objectives. REPORT From: Sudhir Gurung (Management consultant) To: Managing Director Subject: reviewing, self-review and peer support for target attainment I have realised the fact that a good plan is the base for anything however we cannot go through with it without reviewing it while in process and checking if we are on-course or not. It is so because there may be several obstacles on the road. Obstacles: The short term obstacles might be that as I am new to the organisation it will be difficult to obtain confidence and support from the staffs and get the real understanding of the situation. As my task will start from 1st of January many staffs may not return to work after holidays and may be difficult to conduct interviews and questionnaires within the deadlines. The long term obstacles might be in achieving leadership skills and motivational skills. These are very vague areas and one will require constant researching and improvement. It is extremely hard to be able to perfect these skills if any of the resources mentioned are not adequate. Dedication however is the key to succeed in these areas. Need of reviewing and monitoring plan: There is always the need of reviewing and monitoring of plans as in the absence of these things planning will have no meaning. Reviewing basically means watching at things with a critical viewpoint whereas monitoring means not letting things go out of track. The operations or activities will need to be in line with the plans and then only the goals that need to be achieved will be achieved. Importance of self-review: As it is said that self-review is the best review. One can only be able to understand others if he/she understands himself/herself. Self-review is a great tool available which will help to self analyse the strengths and weaknesses of oneself so that he/she can understand the opportunities and threats that may be there. It enables people to obtain a proper understanding of what they are doing well, what areas they need to improve and how to focus on those. It also helps to get a broader view on the issues and be clear of what your objectives are. My management experience I joined as a customer service agent in Gulf Air, Kathmandu, Nepal. After one and half years of service there I was made the baggage handling supervisor. My main objectives and their achievement were as follows: To get proper lost baggage handling training. I requested to the airport manager for providing me with the necessary training to do the job properly asap. I was sent to Bahrain for a week long training for baggage handling within a month of my appointment. Making sure proper records of lost baggage were kept in the system. I gave on the job training to one staff from the morning shift and the other from the late shift so both the morning and evening flights were covered. Increasing the efficiency of system update. I wanted to update the info for the baggage which reached Kathmandu mistakenly instead of the intended destination into the system immediately so other airports would be able to locate it and Gulf Air does not have pay extra compensation. Need for support from others: A positive integration of peoples efforts towards same direction causes synergy which will result in better performance and increment in the chance of better result. It is one of the most fundamental of management principals. I, in order to achieve my target, have rated support from my superiors and colleagues as one of the most important resources in my task 1. Conclusion To conclude I would like to say that I have determined the obstacles that may halt my progress towards attaining the goals. I have understood and explained the importance of reviewing, self-review and monitoring. I have provided a reflective record of my management experience in achieving objectives and also elaborated the need for support from others. REFERENCE Online: http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/workforce-management-employee-records/3779163-1.html http://schools.becta.org.uk/index.php?section=srf http://www.accel-team.com/techniques/employee_evaluation.html Paperback: New Zealand Institute of Public Administration, Self-review: doing it for yourself, May 1992. TASK 3 INTRODUCTION As per the requirement of task 3 of my assignment I have undertaken a research in various personal and professional skills needed by the companys staff member in three different organisations. I will, on the basis of my research will produce a presentation to the managing director of our company about the outcomes of my research. I will also produce a report regarding the recommendations. OBJECTIVES Choose three organisations and analyse how their staff personal and professional skills are developed Presentation to Managing Director and staff with outcomes Report to Managing Director with recommendation The three organisations: For the above mentioned purpose I have selected and researched the following three companies: Gulf Air ASDA InterContinental Hotels Group Gulf Air: In order to ensure their staffs develop personal and professional skills Gulf Air initially uses induction. It is given initially to the foundation skills required to operate successfully in the new role, training is provided in theory and practical work, in other words classroom and on the job. Learning and development is then the process used by Gulf Air where it is delivered through a variety of departments to ensure there is a focus on the specialist nature of roles in our business and to maximise access for our people. Training Departments form part of a Corporate Training Board ensuring that learning and development for all Gulf Air staff has a recognised place at an executive level of the business. All training and development is built on a firm commitment to release and maximise the full potential of every Gulf Air employee. More information is available under the sections for individual job areas. The next step will be to provide career paths to motivate and satisfy individu als within the organisation and to meet the on-going skill requirements of the business. Gulf Air recognises the need to identify and develop high quality replacements for positions designated as key to current and future organisational success. Gulf Air has a number of lateral career programmes in place providing existing employees with the opportunity to move across organisational boundaries in a co-ordinated and formal way. When vacancies arise, they are advertised internally and where possible we promote from within. ASDA: ASDA is very much into supporting its staffs to reach their potential. They have a wide variety of training and development options available. ASDA also starts with induction to increase the personal and professional skills of the new staffs. All new staffs are initially given an intensive induction session. It focuses on the best way to get staffs up to speed with business and find their feet as quickly as possible. It will ensure that the staffs are well versed to their business and culture and are also equipped with the tools to deliver in their roles. It then provides tailored training. After induction, first three months will involve tailored training programmes suitable the new staffs position in order to give him/her the support he/she need to be really efficient in their relevant roles. To help new managers learn how to best operate their department and perfect their leadership style, theyre given eight weeks of dedicated training in one of their specially selected training s tores which are called Stores of Learning (SOLs). These are typical ASDA stores with a training centre attached; set up to deliver tailored training to all our new managers in purpose built facilities. SDA has a Distribution Academy for new managers for its Distribution business so that staffs are given the best start possible, are trained in best practice and given all the necessary tools they may require. Every new manager spends time in the Academy learning the technical aspects of their role and working on their personal development. Part of the training also includes spending time in stores who are the Distribution networks internal customers. This gives new managers a thorough understanding of the issues that stores can face so that good support can be provided. It has programmes like a training plan to help strengthen technical skills, courses to develop behavioural skills or to prepare staffs for a bigger role. ASDA encourages staffs to create a Personal Development Plan w ith the help of their managers. This process will enable to set the goals for the staffs and the managers will also be aware of the desires of the staffs. Motivation level will be highly influenced by this method. InterContinental Hotels Group (IGH) As per the statement of IGH, it recognises human resource as one of the most influential resource needed to be successful in the business world. Hence it has a strong belief to invest in improving the skills of its staffs, quenching their thirst for career development will eventually make a huge difference in their area of business which is hospitality. As the first hotel group to develop and conduct an online version of the renowned Cornell Hotel Administration Simulation Exercise. The programme offers psychometric assessment and course content delivered by leading university academics thats focused on connecting with individual corporate, personal and career goals. This group has assessment centres across the world to help high performing individuals in corporate, executive and supervisory roles move on and up to the next level. IHG offers Fast Track Graduate Programmes Operations and Revenue Management. Over 24 months, candidates can gain experience in two hotels based in the UK. Each hotel will set their own individual projects linked to an individual training plan that will be supported and mentored by professionals. Candidates will also attend centralised training courses run by experts in their field. Programmes like this will provide ideal opportunities for fresh graduates to kick start their careers. PRESENTATION IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT ( THE ATTACHMENT) REPORT To: Managing Director From: Sudhir Gurung (Manager) Subject: Clear and concise recommendations on the approach that need to be taken by Finance 4 U Dear Sir/Madam As it was my responsibility as a manager to look into various organisations as how they were doing in regards to personal and professional development of their staffs, I researched three companies on their strategies which were Gulf Air, ASDA and IHG. I found out several methods and techniques used by these organisations as my research shows earlier. In my personal point of view following methods and techniques could be used in our organisation to enhance the staff morale and overall efficiency at workplace: Induction: In my research I found out that induction is a must for any new staff as it acts as a bridge towards new company. It is an essential process of familiarising and hence has to be carefully designed by Finance 4 U management. Tailored training: It is a useful method I found out when researching the methods used by ASDA. Every individual is different with different knowledge level, language barrier, age group, education etc. As we are not a very large company tailored training can be provided to individual staff as and when needed. Appreciation day: It is also another unique idea that can be applied to increase the motivational level of the staffs in Finance 4 U. Different staffs at different levels and departments do not seem to understand the efforts of each others in here. If supervisors of one department are made familiar to another department and vice versa, I believe levels of appreciation of each others will improve leading the way for increment in morale. Providing career paths Maslows motivations theory is one of the most famous theories in management. It says that there is always a hierarchy in needs in a professionals vision. Initially he/she will look more into physical and security needs and later move towards more challenging and self-actualisation needs. Hence Finance 4 U should also understand this theory and be able to stimulate the interest of its important staffs so that they stay motivated by laying out clear paths and performance related incentives. Lateral career programmes I have been confirmed; through this research that monotony is one of the prime reasons for low morale. Hence in order to help avoid it, a good move would be lateral career programmes as well. It is actually a process of shifting employees to different departments so that they will be more experienced and also more motivated. Personal Development Plan (PDP) PDP needs to be prepared for each staff and passed on to their immediate manager and hence a general plan can be made on the basis of that guideline. Graduates Programme People with huge amount of potential needs to be provided with the opportunity to increase their educational background as well, as it will only benefit the organisation. He/she will have various management and other theories to back up their ideas and experience towards a progressive future of the company. Conclusion Id like to conclude this report by saying that there is a severe need in Finance 4 U to address this issue of personal and professional development amongst staffs so that the morale may climb high. I believe the recommendations I provided will be very helpful if it is implemented properly by the management. TASK 4 INTRODUCTION This task is about looking into the various methods used by management in skills development. For this purpose I have looked back at the three companies that I have researched and analysed what methods have they used. Along with that Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is also to be looked in detail. OBJECTIVES Analysis of various methods of skills development. Analysis of methods used by the three organisations. Examples of Continuous Professional Development (CPD). Importance of CPD. Various methods of skills development: Just because you have two ears and a mouth doesnt mean you know how to communicate. A Mothers Advice To Her Son Like the quote said just because you can speak well amongst your friends, it doesnt mean that you can communicate well professionally. These are all part of skills that one person must acquire to develop him/herself personally and professionally. The initial part of skills development begins and develops during our education. We develop lot of personal skills at that time period like some communication skills, listening skills, time-management skills, problem solving skills etc. However generally professional skills are developed as it is a case of practice and experience mostly after a person is employed. Having said that skills development is a life-long process and hence it needs to be honed with practice as the famous quote says, Practice makes perfect. The three organisations: I would like to look back at the three organisations that I had researched and analyse their methods of skills development again. Gulf Air: Gulf Air is committed to setting people up for success from the moment they join the organisation. Induction is given initially to the foundation skills required to operate successfully in the new role, training is provided in theory and practical work, in other words classroom and on the job. Gulf Air is very much committed to the growth and development of its people. Learning and development at Gulf Air is delivered through a variety of departments to ensure there is a focus on the specialist nature of roles in our business and to maximise access for our people. Training Departments form part of a Corporate Training Board ensuring that learning and development for all Gulf Air staff has a recognised place at an executive level of the business. Gulf Air realises the need to provide career paths to motivate and satisfy individuals within the organisation and to meet the on-going skill requirements of the business. It also recognises the need to identify and develop high quality replacements for positions designated as key to current and future organisational success. Gulf Air has a number of lateral career programmes in place providing existing employees with the opportunity to move across organisational boundaries in a co-ordinated and formal way. When vacancies arise, they are advertised internally and where possible we promote from within. ASDA: ASDA is very much into supporting its staffs to reach their potential. They have a wide variety of training and development options available. The few of the methods used by ASDA are given below: Induction All new staffs are initially given an intensive induction session. It focuses on the best way to get staffs up to speed with business and find their feet as quickly as possible. It will ensure that the staffs are well versed to their business and culture and are also equipped with the tools to deliver in their roles. Tailored training After induction, first three months will involve tailored training programmes suitable the new staffs position in order to give him/her the support he/she need to be really efficient in their relevant roles. Colleague to manager training New retail managers New distribution managers ASDA House colleagues Career progression through practical development programmes: Seven step practical development programme At ASDA there is a seven step practical development programme that helps staffs to take their development to the next level. The programme builds on current leadership and shop keeping skills through off the job learning, on the job activities and coaching sessions. Stepping Stones is targeted at staffs who want to grow to become Department Managers and some have even continued their development to General Store Manager and further more. New managers stores To help new managers learn how to best operate their department and perfect their leadership style, theyre given eight weeks of dedicated training in one of their specially selected training stores which are called Stores of Learning (SOLs). These are typical ASDA stores with a training centre attached, set up to deliver tailored training to all our new managers in purpose built facilities. Store Appreciation Day At ASDA, it gives priority to its customers and for all the staffs of ASDA who do not work at stores are given induction about how the stores are run. This will lead to those staffs being more aware of the circumstances in the store where all the business is actually performed. Career Progression for staffs ASDA has understood the fact that if there is no progression in ones career even though the job is rewarding becomes monotonous and the efficiency will drop. Hence it has a variety of programmes of sessions available at different stages of the staffs development in any role. It has programmes like a training plan to help strengthen technical skills, courses to develop behavioural skills or to prepare staffs for a bigger role. Personal Development Plan ASDA encourages staffs to create a Personal Development Plan with the help of their managers. This process will enable to set the goals for the staffs and the managers will also be aware of the desires of the staffs. Motivation level will be highly influenced by this method. Professional qualifications At ASDA there are many opportunities with funding or study leave for Professional qualifications such as CIMA for Finance, CIPS (for Retail Development team) etc. This does depend on the role of the staffs in the different departments. There is a structured programme in place whilst others may be able to consider ad hoc requests for study funding or time off, if this is related to their role. InterContinental Hotels Group (IGH) Belief in investing in people: As per the statement of IGH, it recognises human resource as one of the most influential resource needed to be successful in the business world. Hence it has a strong belief to invest in improving the skills of its staffs, quenching their thirst for career development will eventually make a huge difference in their area of business which is hospitality. CHASE: As the first hotel group to develop and conduct an online version of the renowned Cornell Hotel Administration Simulation Exercise (CHASE), you can also take part in a sophisticated virtual reality game for running a hotel. Assessment centres across the world This group has assessment centres across the world to help high performing individuals in corporate, executive and supervisory roles move on and up to the next level. The basic points of these assessment centres are that their staffs know what success means their roles; they will be involved in regular, quality feedback instructions; they will have the opportunity to develop both in their current and future roles; they will know what career opportunities are available with IHG around the world.

Romantic Contradiction in the Poetry of John Donne Essay -- Poetry Poe

Romantic Contradiction in the Poetry of John Donne John Donne's poem "Elegy 19: To His Mistress Going to Bed" is closely related to "The Sun Rising" in its treatment of love, lust, and togetherness. Both discuss and argue different stances on the same topics, but are united by their language and development. The structure of "Elegy 19" and use of poetic techniques relate it directly and indirectly to "The Sun Rising". In "Elegy 19", there are forty-eight lines of adoration of the mistress of the title; this poem is full of reverence, veneration, and respect for the female form. In passages such as Your gown going off, such beauteous state reveals As when from flowery meads th' hill's shadow steals or perhaps Full nakedness! All joys are due to thee. As souls unbodied unclothed must be, To taste whole joys. Gems which you women use Are like Atalanta's balls, cast in men's views Donne clearly has a high and lofty image of the human female form. Yet this deification is undermined by the lusty, bawdy qualities of the poem. For example, when Donne reaches the conclusion of the poem he does not summarize his mistress' physical beauty, but instead promises sexual adventure. This is seen in the final three lines, Here is no penance, much less innocence. To teach thee, I am naked first; why then What need'st thou have more covering than a man? which clearly negates (or at least portrays negatively) the earlier, more romantic aspects of the poem. Other words have double meanings, which furthers the bawdy aspects of the poem, making seemingly innocuous passages into ribald declarations. Examples of double usage of words include "labor", which means both ‘get to work s... ...mplies sexual activity. Indeed, despite its romantic qualities, invoking the bed the lovers share as the center of the sun's orbits has a clear sensual tinge; it is as if the sexual activity of the lovers is the center of the world, for what else is a bed the symbol of, if not consummation of love? So in these two Donne poems, "Elegy 19" and "The Sun Rising", various poetic structures are used to create a split atmosphere of both romantic love and sexual love, which coexist within the fabric of the poetry. Donne skillfully uses such forms as direct address, indirect address, both stanzaic forms conventional and unconventional, and adept language manipulation to convey two messages simultaneously, and in doing so he paints an accurate portrait of the reality of love: that there is always a mix of romantic and sexual sentiments in the relationships between lovers.

Poetry and Dwarf Essay

  The thought-provoking poem, Assisi, written by Norman MacCaig is based on when MacCaig went to Assisi to visit the beautiful church built in St Francis’ name. The main character we read about, a dwarf sitting outside the church, is described in a way which evokes great sympathy for him. The writer achieves this by forming a vivid description of the dwarf and using different techniques helping him create sympathy for the dwarf from the reader. The first four lines of the poem create an image of the dwarf which is not very pleasant. â€Å"The dwarf with his hands on backwards/ Sat, slumped like a half-filled sack/  On tiny twisted legs from which/ Sawdust might run† The very first line of the poem is a very direct, blunt opening statement. The idea of the dwarfs hands being on ‘backwards’ is so disturbing that at once the reader starts to pity the dwarf. Using alliteration in the second line ‘sat slumped’ makes it seem that the dwarf sees no point in living anymore. The poet uses a simile to describe the way the dwarf was sitting, depicting him as a ‘half filled sack’ showing that the dwarf had been dehumanized by everyone surrounding him, making the writer annoyed that nobody is noticing the dwarf. MacCaig uses a metaphor on the third and fourth lines of the poem, ‘tiny twisted legs from which saw dust might run’ giving an idea of how small and weak the dwarf really is, not being able to move very far, therefore living a miserable life in the same place. MacCaig refers back to the dwarf nearer the end of the poem, evoking even greater sympathy for him. â€Å"The ruined temple outside, whose eyes/ Wept pus, whose back was higher/ Than his head, whose lopsided mouth/ Said grazie in a voice as sweet/ As a child’s when she spoke to her mother/ Or a bird when it spoke/ To St Francis. †The poet uses the phrase ‘ruined temple’ to show that the dwarf’s appearance is made in God’s image and even though his appearance may be destroyed, inside he is still just a normal man, like everyone else. MacCaig using the words ‘wept pus’ creates a very unpleasant picture with the idea of pus coming out of the dwarfs eyes but also a very sad picture with the idea that the dwarf was crying. ‘Whose back was higher than his head, whose lopsided mouth’, the writer says this to, again, accentuate the disturbing appearance of the dwarf, implying that the dwarf has a hunchback. At the end of the stanza, the poet surprises the reader when he uses the simile ‘as sweet as a child’ as coming from a man with such a bad physical appearance, the reader does not expect the dwarfs’ voice to be sweet. Throughout the poem, the dwarf is compared to different people and the church. In the first stanza MacCaig uses juxtaposition between the dwarf and the extraordinary building of the church, at the beginning he introduces the dwarf, and he then describes the church. He shows the comparison of how elaborate and wonderful the church at Assisi is, and how there is a dwarf, with a very miserable life, sitting outside. There is also a sense or irony in that, even though St Francis strived to help poor people, so much so that he got a church built in his name, there is still a very poor man sitting outside the church and nobody tries to help him. The second stanza concentrates on the priest, a man who is supposed to understand and share the meaning of God’s word. â€Å"A priest explained/ How clever it was of Giotto/ To make his frescoes tell stories/ That would reveal to the illiterate the goodness/ Of god and the suffering/ Of his son. I understand/ The explanation and/ The cleverness. † The word ‘a’ is used by MacCaig to introduce the priest. This indefinite article makes it seem like the priest is one of many, perhaps in criticism of the church itself, yet when he addresses the dwarf, the poet uses the word ‘the’ which suggests that the poet saw the dwarf as an individual, not like the priest who is just one of many. In this stanza the priest is showing the tourists around the church, showing them the frescoes that Giotto produced, explaining the word of god in pictures so that the illiterate could understand God’s word. The priest uses a very condescending tone when he speaks to the tourists, using a tone that suggests that he wanted to show off his church and his frescoes because he wanted the tourists to think that the he was very important. At the start of the final stanza, in reference to the second stanza, the writer describes how the tourists were acting. â€Å"A rush of tourists, clucking contentedly,/ Fluttered after him as he scattered/ The grain of the Word. It was they who had passed. † Here, the tourists are compared to hens who are clucking, chasing their master trying to get some grain, in this case God’s word. This refers to the parable ‘the sewer and the seed’. They represent the seeds that could not grow, who got caught in the thorns or thrown on the path, not understanding God’s word and therefore not growing into a healthy crop. The Priest would represent the farmer, sharing God’s word amongst the tourists. There are many themes in this poem but one of the main themes is the hypocrisy of the church. We see the church as an organisation that we expect to do good and help people less fortunate than themselves, and yet in the poem, Assisi, the priest, a representative of the church completely ignores the dwarf, an example of a poor man who the church should be helping, walking straight past him, not even acknowledging the dwarfs existence. This suggests that the church and also the priest don’t understand the meaning of what they are meant to be sharing, the true meaning of God, to help others. In conclusion, MacCaig manages to evoke a lot of sympathy for the dwarf. He does this by using detailed descriptions and comparisons between the dwarf and the church and priest. This makes for an interesting, thought provoking poem.

Radical Policies of President Franklin D Roosevelt

President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the New Deal program to attack the Great Depression that was plummeting the nation into a financial crisis; his plan can be said to have been a radical departure from Roosevelt†s predecessors. Roosevelt was brought to power with the expectation that he would initiate a major shift in the nature of government, and his actions following his campaign can rightfully be dubbed Roosevelt†s predecessors can be said to have been more conservatives than radicals. President Coolidge†s objective was to reduce the significance of the presidency and to limit the powers of the overnment. He was content to let all of the nation†s problems work themselves out. He twice vetoed the McNary-Haugen bill, which would have drastically helped farmers by buying crop surpluses. President Hoover believed that the role of the gov†t. was not to solve the problems, but to help the problems disappear. He stated that â€Å"if gov†t solved society†s problems directly, people would give up their freedom and gov†t. would become the problem. † From public pressure, however, Hoover began to promote more direct fed. volvement, initiating such programs as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Agric. Marketing Act, which helped farmers by buying their crop surpluses. His actions had little effect on the economy, but FDR made sure that his actions did. Roosevelt took a much larger step in using fed. involvement, more then any other President had done before. Roosevelt†s philosophy differed in that he promoted direct relief for the â€Å"forgotten man† in financial trouble. He saw nothing wrong with gov†t. activism, and he chose to use the fed. gov†t. to try to regenerate economic growth. Some programs, including the Agric. Adjustment Act and the National Reconstruction Administration, even allowed gov†t to become too involved, resulting in Supreme Court legislation declaring them illegal and unconstitutional. His instituted loan and price-support programs which farmers became dependent upon, the Wagner Act as the overseer of labor-management relations, and a program to regulate the banking system and financial systems. In other words, he significantly changed the role of gov†t in the ecomony and in society by granting gov†t more control over them. After the New Deal and the Second Hundred Days were over, society held the expectation that the Pres. and the gov†t. were responsible for correcting any or all problems that they had. Even so, Roosevelt†s radical actions had stabilized the economy and prevented economic collapse. Conservatives argue that Roosevelt undermined individualism and free enterprise, but really he simply saved the nation with his ideas and reforms. Roosevelt may have used the fed. gov†t. intensely in society, but he saved thousands of unemployed workers and helped his fellow man.

Free Essays on Viglante Justice

Viglante Justice Vigilantism is viewed sign frustration with the system. This sends the messege to people that the police and courts have failed to provide security and justice. This is the reason certain people in society choose vigilantism over what is thought to be right for the people. But, these are often the same people who are in favour of democracy and try to achieve equality among all. Stopping vigilante is not easy, but i believe that films and film makers are doing little to provoke the growing popluarity by giving the idea that revenge killing is acceptable, instead of encouraging society to trust the judicial system. for Example Movies involving violent crime often position the viewer to sympathise with the victim who enacts the revenge by killing, hove the messege of it being acceptable .A Time To Kill, Sleepers and Eye For An Eye all confront the issue of revenge killing, which makes society to question the legal system and place justice solely on the individual. If we did not live in a society with other people, laws would not be needed. We would do as we want, with no respect to others. But since individuals began to live with other people laws have been the back bone of society. In Canada we have many laws effecting all aspects in life, laws in business ensure that people keep their promises and laws against criminal conduct help to protect our property and our lives. Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements, the law must provide a way to resolve the confrentations peacefully. Some Dictatorship governments have cruel laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. This may provide a great deal of order, but is looked upon as inhunmain form of control. The Canadian legal system respects individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. In Canada, there is the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to ever... Free Essays on Viglante Justice Free Essays on Viglante Justice Viglante Justice Vigilantism is viewed sign frustration with the system. This sends the messege to people that the police and courts have failed to provide security and justice. This is the reason certain people in society choose vigilantism over what is thought to be right for the people. But, these are often the same people who are in favour of democracy and try to achieve equality among all. Stopping vigilante is not easy, but i believe that films and film makers are doing little to provoke the growing popluarity by giving the idea that revenge killing is acceptable, instead of encouraging society to trust the judicial system. for Example Movies involving violent crime often position the viewer to sympathise with the victim who enacts the revenge by killing, hove the messege of it being acceptable .A Time To Kill, Sleepers and Eye For An Eye all confront the issue of revenge killing, which makes society to question the legal system and place justice solely on the individual. If we did not live in a society with other people, laws would not be needed. We would do as we want, with no respect to others. But since individuals began to live with other people laws have been the back bone of society. In Canada we have many laws effecting all aspects in life, laws in business ensure that people keep their promises and laws against criminal conduct help to protect our property and our lives. Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements, the law must provide a way to resolve the confrentations peacefully. Some Dictatorship governments have cruel laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. This may provide a great deal of order, but is looked upon as inhunmain form of control. The Canadian legal system respects individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. In Canada, there is the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to ever...

A Glossary of Weather Words for German Learners

A Glossary of Weather Words for German Learners Whether you plan to travel to Germany or simply want to better understand the language, learning the German words for weather conditions can be helpful. Discussing the weather is a way to make small talk with strangers. Learning German weather words can also help planning your travels easier. Youll know to avoid rainy days and other bad weather conditions.   This English-German glossary of weather terms can get you started. Once youve reviewed the terms, consider making flashcards featuring the words (and their English counterparts) to better retain them.   A air  e Luft air pressure  r LuftdruckNote:  In Europe and most of the world outside the U.S., barometric pressure is measured in hectopascals (hPa), formerly millibars, not in inches of mercury. In the International System (SI) of measurements, the unit of pressure is the Pascal, named after Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), the French scientist and philosopher who made important discoveries about air pressure. Normal air pressure at  sea level  (MSL, NN) is 1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inches of mercury. To convert between inches of mercury and hectopascals/millibars, one millibar (hPa) is equal to 0.02953 inches of mercury. aloft  hoch droben anemometer  r Windmesser atmosphere  e Atmosphre aurora borealis  s Nordlicht, (nà ¶rdliches)  Polarlicht autumn, fall  r Herbst B balmy  sanft,  lindbalmy breezes  sanfte Brisen,  linde Là ¼fte barometer  r Barometer barometric pressure  r Luftdruck black ice  s Glatteis breeze  e Brise  (-n) breezy  windig,  luftig bright  heiter C ceiling  e Wolkenhà ¶he Celsius   changeable, variable  vernderlich,  wechselhaft chilly  kà ¼hl,  frostigI feel chilly.  Mir ist kà ¼hl. chinook wind  r Fà ¶hn  (-e) der Fà ¶hn:  This warm, dry, alpine wind issimilar to a chinook wind. The wordFà ¶hn  can also refer to an electricblow-dryer for hair.More wind: See  tradewind/r Passatand  sirocco/r Scirocco. clear  heiter,  klar,  wolkenlos climatology  e Klimatologie cloud  e Wolke  (-n)cumulus cloud  e Kumuluswolke cloudburst  r Platzregen  (-)sudden downpour  r Platzregen cloudy  bewà ¶lkt,  wolkig cold  adj.  kaltvery cold  sehr kaltcold, coldness  n.  e Klte cool(er)  kà ¼hl  (-er)somewhat cooler  etwas kà ¼hler cumulonimbus (cloud)  r Kumulonimbus cumulus (cloud)  r Kumulus cyclone  r Zyklon  (-en) D damp  feucht  (-n) degree  r Grad10 degrees Celsius  10 Grad Celsius  (50F) dew point  r Taupunkt  (-e) downpour  r Platzregen  (-)cloudburst  r Platzregen drizzle  n.  r Nieselregen,  r Sprà ¼hregendrizzle  v.  nieseln  (-se) drizzly  Niesel-drizzly weather  s Nieselwetter drought  e Dà ¼rre,  e Dà ¼rrekatastrophe  (-n) dry  adj.  trocken dryness  e Trockenheit dry spell  e Trockenperiode dull, gloomy  dà ¼ster,  trà ¼b dust  r Staub dust devil  kleiner Wirbelsturm  (-stà ¼rme) dusty  staubig E east  r Ost(en)in the east  im Osten easterly  adj.  Ost-,  Ãƒ ¶stlichan easterly wind  ein Ostwind easterly  n.  r Ostwindeasterlies  die Ostwinde eye  n.  s Auge  (-n)eye of the hurricane  s Auge des Orkans F Fahrenheit   fair  adj.  heiter,  schà ¶n fall, autumn  r Herbst flood  n.  e Flut,  s Hochwasser,  e ÃÅ"berschwemmungflood  v.  Ãƒ ¼berschwemmen flooding  e ÃÅ"berschwemmung fog  r Nebel foggy  neblig,  nebelig forecast  n.  e Voraussage  (-n),  e Vorhersage  (-n),  e Prognose  (-n)a short-range forecast  eine Kurzfristvorhersage forecast  v.  voraussagen,  vorhersagen forecaster  r Meteorloge  (-n),  e Meteorlogin  (-nen) freeze  v.  frieren freezing  unter null freezing point  r Gefrierpunkt freezing rain  r gefrorene Regen,  r Graupel  (sleet) fresh  frisch front  r Frontcold front  e Kaltfront frost (hoarfrost), rime  r Reif,  r Raureif,  r Frost frosty  frostigcovered with frost  von Raureif bedeckt G gale  r Sturm  (wind)gale force winds  orkanartige Windegale warnings  e Sturmwarnung gloomy, dull  dà ¼ster,  trà ¼b gradual(ly)  allmhlich greenhouse effect  r Treibhausekkekt gust, squall  e Bà ¶e  (-n)gusts up to 40 mph  Bà ¶en bis zu 60 h/km  (Stundenkilometer) H hail  n.  r Hagel,  r Graupel  (soft hail)hail  v.  hageln,  graupelnIts hailing.  Es hagelt.hail damage  r Hagelschadenhailstone  r Hagelkorn  (-kà ¶rner)hailstorm  r Hagelsturm  (-stà ¼rme) halo (around moon/sun)  r Halo,  r Hof haze  n.  r Dunsthazy  dunstig hectopascal (hPa)  s Hektopascal  (-)Unit of measure for barometric pressure. See note under  air pressure  above and the Wetterlexikon. high (pressure)  s Hoch,  r Hochdruckbarometric pressure over 1015 hPa  Luftdruck von mehr als 1015 hPa high (temperature)  e Hà ¶chsttemperatur  (-en)daytime highs  die Tagestemperaturen hot  heiß humid  feucht,  schwà ¼l  (muggy) humidity  e Luftfeuchte,  e Luftfeuchtigkeit hurricane  r Hurrikan  (-e),  r Orkan  (-e) I ice  n.  s Eisblack ice  s Glatteis ice-cold  adj.  eiskalt icy  adj.  eisig,  frostig inversion  e Inversion,  e Temperaturumkehr isobar  e Isobare J jet stream  der Jetstream K kilobar (kb)   s Kilobar  (metric unit of pressure) knot   r Knoten  (wind speed) L lingering  adj.  Ã‚  zurà ¼ckbleibend lightning   r Blitz  Ã‚   Theres lightning.  Es blitzt. low (pressure)   s Tief,  r Tiefdruck  Ã‚   barometric pressure under 1015 hPa  Luftdruck von weniger als 1015 hPa low-temperature  e Tiefsttemperatur  (-en) M mercury   s Quecksilber meteorologist   r Meteorloge,  e Meteorlogin meteorology   e Meteorlogie,  e Wetterkunde mild   mild,  leicht,  sanft millibar   s Millibar milliliter   r Milliliter millimeter   r Millimetter  (precipitation)  Ã‚   Berlin: Niederschlagsmengen - die Jahressumme betrgt 590 mm. (Berlin: Precipitation - the annual total amounts to 590 mm.) In Hamburg fallen im Jahresdurchschnitt 715 mm Niederschlag. (About 715 mm of average annual precipitation falls in Hamburg.) - 100 mm 3.97 in. monsoon   r Monsun  Ã‚   monsoon rains   r Monsunregen moon   r Mond N nice   schà ¶n north   r Nord(en)  Ã‚   in the north   im Norden  Ã‚   northerly   Nord-,  nà ¶rdlich  Ã‚   northerly wind   r Nordwind O occasional (showers, etc.)   gelegentlich,  ab und zu oppressive (heat)   drà ¼ckend,  schwà ¼l ozone   s Ozon  Ã‚   ozone layer   e Ozonschicht P parched (land)   verdorrt,  ausgetrocknet partly cloudy   teilweise bewà ¶lkt,  wolkig patchy fog   stellenweise Nebel permafrost   r Dauerfrostboden pour  v.  Ã‚  giessen,  schà ¼tten  Ã‚   downpour   r Platzregen  (-)  Ã‚   Its pouring down rain.  Es regnet in Strà ¶men. precipitation   r Niederschlag  Ã‚   20 inches of precipitation a year   508 mm Niederschlag pro Jahr probability   e Wahrscheinlichkeit  (-en)  Ã‚   probability of rain  e Niederschlagswahrscheinlichkeit prognosis, forecast   e Voraussage  (-n),  e Vorhersage  (-n),  e Prognose  (-n) R radar   s Radar radar image   s Radarbild radiation   e Strahlung radiant energy   e Strahlungsenergie rain  n.  Ã‚  r Regenrain  v.  Ã‚  regnen  Ã‚   Its raining cats and dogs.  Es regnet in Strà ¶men. rainbow   r Regenbogen raindrop   r Regentropfen rainfall   r Niederschlag rain gauge   r Regenmesser  (measured in millimeters) rainy   regnerisch rainy season   e Regenzeit S satellite view   s Satellitenbild  (-er) scorching  adj.  Ã‚  sehr heiß sea level  s Normalnull  (NN),  r Meeresspiegel  Ã‚   above sea level  Ãƒ ¼ber dem Meeresspiegel,  Ãƒ ¼ber NN severe (winds, storms)   rau,  schwer,  stark sheet lightning   s Wetterleuchten  Ã‚   lightning  r Blitz shine   scheinen shower   r Schauer  (-) showery   regnerisch sirocco   r Scirocco/r Schirokko  (a warm, gusty Mediterranean wind) sky   r Himmel sleet  r Graupel smog   r Smog snow   r Schnee snowfall   r Schneefall snowflake   e Scgneeflocke  (-n) snowy   verschneit sprinkle   nieseln squall, gust   Ã‚  e Bà ¶e  (-n),  r Schwall sticky (humid)   schwà ¼l storm   s Unwetterstorm   r Sturm  (high winds) stormy   stà ¼rmisch sun   e Sonne sunny   sonnig sunshine   r Sonnenschein T terrible  adj.  Ã‚  furchtbar  Ã‚   terrible weather   furchtbares Wetter thunder  n.  Ã‚  r Donner thunderstorm   s Gewitter tide(s)   e Gezeiten  pl. tornado   r Wirbelsturm,  r Tornado trade wind   r Passat travel weather, travel forecast   s Reisewetter trough (low pressure)   r Trog,  pl.  Trà ¶ge typhoon   r Taifun U UV index   r UV-Index V variable (winds light and variable)   wechselhaft visibility   e Sichtweite W warm   warm weather   s Wetter,  e Wetterlageweather balloon   r Wetterballon  (-e)weather forecast/report   r Wetterbericht  (-e)weather map   e Wetterkarte  (-n)weather vane   e Wetterfahne  (-n),  r Wetterhahn wet   nass wind   r Wind windchill temperature   e Windchill-Temperatur wind current   e Luftstrà ¶mung  (-en) windy   windig

Things Fall Apart Study Guide and Discussion Questions

'Things Fall Apart' Study Guide and Discussion Questions Things Fall Apart is a famous novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. Its considered an important work in world literature, albeit a controversial one. The book has been banned in some places for its negative portrayal  of European colonialism. The book is split into three parts showing the reader the negative effects of colonization on the main characters tribe. It also shows how Christian missionaries work to convert the African population helped to forever alter their culture. The book was written in 1958 and became one of the first books from Africa to become world renowned. It is seen as an archetype for the modern African novel. This is a recommended book to read in a book club because of the depth of the work. Plot Summary Protagonist Okonkwo becomes a successful farmer and earns titles and respect in his community, even though his father, Unoka, was seen as lazy, making him a disrespected laughingstock. His father is a source of shame for Okonkwo, whos strived to be everything his father has not. Hes domineering over his family as a result, and his overarching desire to always seem manly leads to his downfall. He takes in a ward, given to him to care for as a peace offering to avoid war with the neighboring Mbaino community. An oracle says the boy must be killed, but Okonkwo is advised not to do it. He does it anyway. But its after the accidental killing of a leader in his community that he and his family are exiled for seven years. When they return, they find that much has changed in their community because of white missionaries coming to town. Theyve set up a prison, a European-style court of law, a church, school, and hospital. Okonkwo doesnt understand why the people havent revolted against these oppressors. Then, the benevolent Mr. Brown is replaced by a strict reverend who isnt interested in the peoples existing culture. Violence eventually ensues, and the local leaders are eventually taken down by the colonizers. Okonkwo cannot cope and ends his own life. Main Characters These are the main characters in the novel: Okonkwo: protagonist whose fatal flaw is his inability to adapt to change and his reverence for needing to appear tough and manlyIkemefuna: clever, resourceful boy, ward of Okonkwo, whom he kills to not appear weak; given to Okonkwo to avoid warNwoye: son of Okonkwo, who becomes a Christian, a sensitive boyEzinma: daughter of Okonkwo, bold, her fathers favorite; the only surviving child of EkwefiEkwefi: Okonkwos second wifeUnoka: Okonkwos father, whom Okonkwo strives to be the opposite of; Unoka is lazy and enjoys music and conversation; is gentle, cowardly, and not ambitious; thus, he doesnt have the respect of the townsfolk.Obierika: best friend of OkonkwoOgbuefi Ezeudu: the elder of UmuofiaMr. Brown: missionary to Umuofia and Mbanta; patient, kind, respectful, open-minded person who builds a school and hospital in Umofia and encourages people to become literate to keep up with the rest of the world; represents colonizationthe Rev. James Smith: missionary who contrasts with Mr. Bro wn in that Smith is strict and doesnt compromise; has no interest in the native peoples culture; also represents colonization Major Themes In addition to the themes of the effect of colonization on African society and how cultures clash, there are personal themes as well. Readers can also examine how peoples character leads to their outcomes, such as in the case of how adaptable they are to change or inflexible (character is destiny). An examination of the book can look at human emotions and find commonalities and universals (people are people). The destiny theme can also be examined on a societal level. Achebe illustrates the complexity of the Igbo society and how it functions- unlike the authoritarian encroachers- without a strong central government. Is it destiny for the people to have been conquered, then? You can also examine how the community and people interact to find balance and function as a society. Historical Impact Things Fall Apart has become one of the most important books in African literature, as it was among the first major works to bring the African perspective to a worldwide audience and launched the continents modern literature. It even made Western anthropologists realize theyd been getting the story wrong and led them to a reexamine their methods and scholarship on Africas history and peoples. Though controversial to write a novel in the colonizers language, the book was able to reach more people that way, and Achebe was able to work untranslatable Ibo words into the telling so that people would be able to understand them through context as they read, rather than have a translator not achieve adequate subtleties of meaning. The book awakened pride in history and community for people in Africa and led them to realize that they could tell their own stories and that they were valid. Discussion Questions What is important about the title: Things Fall Apart? Is there a reference in the novel that explains the title?What are the conflicts in Things Fall Apart? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) are present?How does Chinua Achebe reveal character in Things Fall Apart?How do the storys themes relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in Things Fall Apart? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Are the characters consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed characters? Are some characters more fully developed than others? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?  Do you think the novel is meant to be political? What point was the author trying to make? Did he succeed?Why is the novel so controversial? Do you think the book should be censored or banned? Should it be taught in schools ? How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of family and community in this novel? How does it change with the arrival of Europeans? How does it change when the missionaries arrive?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why? What point do you think the author was making with the conclusion of the novel? Does your perspective change knowing there is a sequel?Would you recommend this novel to a friend?How is religion portrayed in this novel? Do you think the Christian missionaries had a positive or negative impact on the characters?Whats important about the time period the novel is set in?Why do you think the authors decision to write the novel in English  rather than his native language caused controversy?What point is the author trying to make about the African identity? What problems  does the author outline? Does he offer solutions?

Latino Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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A psychological and sociological perspective to demonstrate an Essay

A psychological and sociological perspective to demonstrate an understanding of these perspectives and evaluate in what way there application enhances your unde - Essay Example e lives; nevertheless, it is a fact that society has to accept single parenting, because in future, with present stress on individuality, more and more children are likely to be brought up by single parents. Parents who find themselves abandoned by partners are supported by social care and children, who will learn to react to the circumstances and environments, will find difficulties in dealing with social and psychological problems. According to the case study, Michael and Kate were having problems during her third pregnancy because of Michael’s attitude towards his family. He has taken to drinking and was physically assaulting Kate, to the extent that she had to live with Social Care. Michael, in spite of recent behaviour, continues to be fond of their children, visits them often, buys presents, but does not want to shoulder day-today responsibilities bringing them up. Kate, being pregnant and financially dependent on Michael, was finding the situation difficult. Michael moved out of the family home and Kate moved into Grimesbar from Social Care, as it was easy to find accommodation in Grimesbar. She now lives in a four storey tenement with common entrance that is not particularly secure, and the building is scheduled for demolition. That being the case, many of the flats are empty, and Kate lives in an insecure and isolated building. Kate, being a non-practising Roman Catholic, considers other Church going single mothers as ‘holy.’ She does not particularly keep in touch with social workers and in the meantime, becomes friendly with local community activist Frances Kane, who helps Kate in looking after children. She has two teenage children of her own, a daughter training for a career and the boy in armed forces. Her husband Bill, a Lorry driver, stays away from home a lot due to his work schedule. Frances likes to look after Jade and Scott, and Kate leaves them more and more in her care, because Kate has started working and finds it almost impossible

Family and consumer science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Family and consumer science - Essay Example 1.1 Characteristics of Food Production and Food and Beverage Service Systems There are five techniques used in food production. Traditional method Sous vide method Centralised distribution Cook-Freeze method Cook-Chill method Traditional Method It is utilized within the kitchen and has the accompanying procedure: Things into kitchen Refrigeration Freezing Dry store Mise en place or arrangement Ordered from customer Cooking Serving Sous Vide Method It is a technique for cooking food that is sealed in airtight plastic containers with water for more extended than ordinary cooking times about 72 hours in a fewer cases at a correctly directed temperature lower than ordinarily utilized for cooking, normally at 55 Â °c to 60 Â °c for meats and high in vegetables. ... Cook-Freeze Method It is comparable to cook chill the distinction is the temperatures are further. Cook freeze is food preservation method in which it is ready and parceled, cooked, and afterward solidified to -20Â °c in a main kitchen. Cook-freeze saves food for up to eight prior weeks it is warmed for consuming. Cook-Chill Method Cook Chill is a food preservation technique in which food is ready and administered, cooked, and afterward chilled to 3 Â °c in a main kitchen. Cook-chill saves food for up to four prior days it is warmed for consuming. Food production is the place menu is arranged, crude materials are bought and acknowledged, and foods are cleaned, saved and ready. It is additionally where held up staff drop off and get orders. Crude materials are obtained is a troublesome and expert assignment. Buyers convey with it a mass of authority. Hospitality industry needs to give careful consideration to 2 things: Investigating the supply markets: Selecting the purchasing syste ms and knowing visibly request of the inn. Assessing items cost and worth. Advancing itemized acquiring specifications: It is to anticipate buyers trick lodging or take buying cash. Characteristics of Food Service There are a few qualities of food service that make it special contrasted with handling of different items. This uniqueness impacts choices that are made about processing and service. Some of these qualities incorporate: Food preparation and service are work concentrated. Request for food happens at top times, approximately breakfast, lunch, and supper dishes. There are slow times between these top request times. Skilled and incompetent labor both is required. Food is unpreserved, needing

Portfolio AT&T Horizontal and Vertical Analysis Essay

Portfolio AT&T Horizontal and Vertical Analysis - Essay Example AT&T had a net margin of 11.93%. In comparison with the industry average net margin of 7.8% the firm’s net margin is 4.03% higher (Dun & Bradstreet, 2012). As of September 30, 2012 the total assets of AT&T were $266,849 million dollars. In comparison with fiscal year 2011 the total assets of the firm decreased by 1%. †Total assets include cash and other items of value that can be converted into cash that are owned by a person or company† (Crutchfield, 2012).The current assets of the company in 2012 were $18,958 million which represents a decline in current assets of $4,069 million in comparison with the previous year. Based on the vertical performed the current assets of the company represent 7% of total assets. The current and total liabilities of the company during 2012 were $30,758 million and $165,575 million respectively. The current ratio shows the ability of the company to pay off its current debt. AT&T’s current ratio during 2012 was 0.62. The curren t ratio of the company is bad considering the fact that a good current ratio is above the 1.0 threshold. The formula to calculate current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. AT&T must improve its current ratio; otherwise the company might face liquidity problems. The return on assets (ROA) metric measures how profitable a company is in relation to its total assets (Investopedia, 2012). A high ROA is the preferable outcome. During 2012 the return on equity of the company was 4.24%. In comparison with the industry average of 17% AT&T is not exploiting and generating sufficient income from its assets (Dun & Bradstreet, 2012). The return on equity of AT&T in 2012 was 11.17%. Return on equity (ROE) is calculated by taking a year's worth of earnings and dividing them by the average shareholder equity for that year (Fool, 2012). The firm’s debt ratio is 0.62. A debt ratio is a financial metric that measures how much debt a company has in relation to its assets. T he firm’s debt to equity ratio is 1.63. The debt to equity ratio is calculated dividing total equity by the total assets of the company. The financial analysis performed on AT&T shows that the company has good profitability, but the firm seems to be using too much debt to finance its operations. The low current ratio of the company is a warning sign. Assuming the company enjoys the same revenue growth of 1% in the following fiscal the projected sales of the company in 2013 are $95,162 million. Credit Worthiness The creditworthiness of a corporation can be evaluated in a variety of ways. Corporations just like individuals have credit scores from the major credit agencies. This information is private and not accessible to the general public. Banking institution gain access to a firm’s credit scores whenever a firm applies for a loan or others financial instruments. An investor can evaluate the credit worthiness of a firm using a combination of ratios. The current ratio m easures a firm’s ability to pay off its current or short term debts. The debt to equity and debt ratio are two good indicators of how much leverage a firm has in the long term. Comparing these ratios to the industry standard is a good way to determine the credit position of the firm. Management Discussion and Analysis Four key findings for the MD&A section of the annual report of AT&T are: The future of wireless growth depends on the ability of companies to provide new innovative services and devices. The managerial staff

Crowd and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crowd and Safety Management - Essay Example However nowadays with the developing world come new problems which should be addressed. The sports being played today are made as safe as possible for the people. The measures of safety are of such importance that some states are implementing reforms in order to ensure safety and security while these sports are being played. Similarly this article would further provide a report on all the aspects of security and safety in the stadiums. Cricket is one of the sports which are being played widely in the world these days. Due to its increasing popularity, it is necessary that some measures be introduced to ensure security and safety in the stadiums. Lords is one of the grounds which is quite famous for cricket and is based in England. Thomas Lord is known to be the founder of this stadium. This stadium has a huge history and is considered one of the biggest stadiums in the cricketing world. This ground is not only being used for international matches these days but another form of cricket i.e. county is also being played here. The boards which manage this stadium are the board of England & Wales also known as the ECB. Similarly to ensure the status of a ground with such a stature the board has taken some important measures. As the increasing cases of Hooliganism are happening these days the board is very careful in determining the policies for this stadium. The board has maintained strict rules if their policies are n ot followed by. Safety in the stadium is ensured by not letting any fan to enter the premises of the ground without the ticket. The ticket factor has been playing a major role in the industry of sports and thus the board of cricket is monitoring this issue very closely. Legislations in the United Kingdom have been introduced which do not allow any unauthorized personnel to sell tickets of a sporting event without the consent of the concerned authority. Similarly the cricketing board has carried out steps to ensure that ticket touting does not take place. The board has tried to improve its internal system of selling the tickets so that fans directly contact the concerned authorities and do not go for any other middle person. This makes sure that the people who come in the stadium are known and remove any chance of mishap in the stadium. Similarly the cricketing board also reserves the right to remove any one from the ground of Lords if he/she does not obey the instructions given to t hem. This removes the threats of hooligans in the stadium. For e.g. if a person is trying to create an irritating environment for others he may be kicked out before any mishap occurs in the stadium. The board does not allow any unauthorized person from entering the area where the cricketers play i.e. the ground where they are playing. The amount of alcohol bought into the stadium is also closely reviewed. All the actions taken by the board members are through the way of setting up check points wherever necessary. These check points are given special instructions by the board members to check every fan which comes into the arena. There are strict rules on the amount of alcohol brought into the ground. There is a certain quantity maintained by the board members for the amount of alcohol brought into the cricket ground. And if any person is found with an amount of alcohol more then

Macro and Micro economics research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro and Micro economics research - Essay Example Competitors sell products and services of the same description. A public is any group that has a potential interest on the ability of a company to achieve its goals and objectives. Macro environment Macro environment factors are also external to the firm and cannot be controlled. These factors hardly have any effect the marketing capability but affect the decisions of marketing within the company. Macro environmental factors may include the following: Cultural and Social Forces: This idea is considered in marketing literature as a substitute to the concept of marketing. The social forces try to make marketing as a practice that is socially responsible. This implies that companies ought to eradicate products that are socially harmful and only produce what may be valuable to society. Legal and political forces: Development in the legal and political field highly affects the decisions of marketing. Marketing decision may not be taken without considering the political parties in power, g overnmental agencies and laws regarding land. These variables often develop remarkable pressures on management of marketing. Laws often affect promotion and pricing, product design, capability and product capacity. In almost all the countries, the government always intervenes in the process of marketing despite their political beliefs. Demographic forces: In this situation, the marketer examines the population since the people create markets. Economic factors: The economic environment is made up of macro level factors that relate to a distribution and production means that affects the business of a company. Physical forces: These include the renewable and non-renewable resources of the earth. Renewable forces include food products and... Cultural and Social Forces: This idea is considered in marketing literature as a substitute to the concept of marketing. The social forces try to make marketing as a practice that is socially responsible. This implies that companies ought to eradicate products that are socially harmful and only produce what may be valuable to society. Legal and political forces: Development in the legal and political field highly affects the decisions of marketing. Marketing decision may not be taken without considering the political parties in power, governmental agencies and laws regarding land. These variables often develop remarkable pressures on management of marketing. Laws often affect promotion and pricing, product design, capability and product capacity. In almost all the countries, the government always intervenes in the process of marketing despite their political beliefs. Demographic forces: In this situation, the marketer examines the population since the people create markets. Economic factors: The economic environment is made up of macro level factors that relate to a distribution and production means that affects the business of a company. Physical forces: These include the renewable and non-renewable resources of the earth. Renewable forces include food products and the forest. Non-renewable resources include minerals, coal and oil. These components often change the level of resources that are necessary for a marketer.

Crowd and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crowd and Safety Management - Essay Example However nowadays with the developing world come new problems which should be addressed. The sports being played today are made as safe as possible for the people. The measures of safety are of such importance that some states are implementing reforms in order to ensure safety and security while these sports are being played. Similarly this article would further provide a report on all the aspects of security and safety in the stadiums. Cricket is one of the sports which are being played widely in the world these days. Due to its increasing popularity, it is necessary that some measures be introduced to ensure security and safety in the stadiums. Lords is one of the grounds which is quite famous for cricket and is based in England. Thomas Lord is known to be the founder of this stadium. This stadium has a huge history and is considered one of the biggest stadiums in the cricketing world. This ground is not only being used for international matches these days but another form of cricket i.e. county is also being played here. The boards which manage this stadium are the board of England & Wales also known as the ECB. Similarly to ensure the status of a ground with such a stature the board has taken some important measures. As the increasing cases of Hooliganism are happening these days the board is very careful in determining the policies for this stadium. The board has maintained strict rules if their policies are n ot followed by. Safety in the stadium is ensured by not letting any fan to enter the premises of the ground without the ticket. The ticket factor has been playing a major role in the industry of sports and thus the board of cricket is monitoring this issue very closely. Legislations in the United Kingdom have been introduced which do not allow any unauthorized personnel to sell tickets of a sporting event without the consent of the concerned authority. Similarly the cricketing board has carried out steps to ensure that ticket touting does not take place. The board has tried to improve its internal system of selling the tickets so that fans directly contact the concerned authorities and do not go for any other middle person. This makes sure that the people who come in the stadium are known and remove any chance of mishap in the stadium. Similarly the cricketing board also reserves the right to remove any one from the ground of Lords if he/she does not obey the instructions given to t hem. This removes the threats of hooligans in the stadium. For e.g. if a person is trying to create an irritating environment for others he may be kicked out before any mishap occurs in the stadium. The board does not allow any unauthorized person from entering the area where the cricketers play i.e. the ground where they are playing. The amount of alcohol bought into the stadium is also closely reviewed. All the actions taken by the board members are through the way of setting up check points wherever necessary. These check points are given special instructions by the board members to check every fan which comes into the arena. There are strict rules on the amount of alcohol brought into the ground. There is a certain quantity maintained by the board members for the amount of alcohol brought into the cricket ground. And if any person is found with an amount of alcohol more then

Baker and McKenzie Law Firm in Worldwide Markets Research Paper - 1

Baker and McKenzie Law Firm in Worldwide Markets - Research Paper Example Baker and McKenzie is an American law firm based in Chicago city. The firm has a total of 3774 attorneys, 1349 partners, and 2425 associates (Baker and McKenzie 1). Baker and McKenzie law firm tops the list of the most successful law firms in the United States. The firm is renowned to have redefined the worldwide law firm of the 20th century in order to meet the global economic challenges of the 21st century. The 3774 lawyers are located in over 70 offices worldwide. The firm has a unique way of working, thinking and behaving. The function across borders and they deal with a wide variety of issues as well as practices (Baker and McKenzie 1). Baker and McKenzie law firm understands the economic challenges facing the globe, and for that reason, it has been of the forefront of matters since the firm’s opening in 1949. Laws that work in Baker and McKenzie law firm include financial litigation, product liability, aviation law, capital markets, bankruptcy, business and industry, com mercial law, insolvency, intellectual property, international law, international trade, and investment law. The firm also deals with consumer law, contracts, copyright, corporate governance, and corporate law among others (Baker and McKenzie 1). The firm has advised leading companies on matters of today’s incorporated world market. Baker and McKenzie law firm has cultivated the tradition, commercial simplicity, and technical, as well as interpersonal skills, vital to offer world-class service tailored to the needs of world-class customers globally.

Introduction to Synchronization

Introduction to Synchronization Synchronization is a mechanism which helps to use shared memory resources in an operating system. In the current world, most of the computers are multi-tasking computers. So these computers can do more than one process at the same time. And the networking technology is has become one of the most modern and developed technologies in the current worlds. So both these computer and network technologies work together in order to achieve common goals. While working together these technologies have to share resources such as memory at the same time. While sharing memory, there can be many problems. To avoid these problems synchronization mechanisms were implemented. Concurrency As it is mentioned above, operating systems share memory in order to achieve common goals. The data can be shared among two processes in one operating system or two operating systems over a network. However there are sometimes that the shared data can be accessed by only one process at a time. As a real life example, shared bathroom can be taken. A shared bathroom can be used by many people but it can be used by only one person at the time. If someone is using the bathroom, others have to wait until that person to come out. Then the one of the waited people can use the bathroom. Another real life example for this is shared streets or junctions. In shared streets, people can use only one direction at one time. If the shared street is used by any direction, people from other direction have to wait till others to stop using the shared street. Otherwise there can be clashes and a lot of problems. Like these, when the operating systems use shared memory, sometimes only one process can acc ess the data at one time. So this is called concurrency. There must be some mechanisms to avoid this concurrency. In the above given two real life examples, the shared bathroom can use a lock in its door to make sure that only one person is using the bathroom at one time. In the shared streets, traffic lights can be used to make sure that only one direction is using the street and avoid the clashes. Like this, locking and synchronizations are the mechanisms that can be used to avoid concurrency in operating systems. Properties of systems with concurrency There are some properties of the systems with concurrency. Those properties are, multiple actors, shared resources and rules for accessing the resources. In the above given two real life examples, the multiple actors are people and vehicles while the shared resources become bathroom and street. The rules for accessing these shared resources are one person at one time for the bathroom and one direction for one time for the shared streets. When talking about these three properties in relating to the operating systems, it can be explained like this. Here, the multiple actors are processes within the operating system or threads in processes. Shared memory, global variables and shared devices can be taken as the examples for the shared resources property while locking and semaphores techniques become the rules for accessing the shared resources in operating systems. These are the three properties of the systems with concurrency and it helps to understand what the concurrency is. Situations with no risk of concurrency In the current computer technology, there are some situations that there is no risk of concurrency but the shared resources are accessed by more than one processes or threads at the same time. Those situations are as follows, No shared memory or communication :- Here, the processes or threads do not have shared memory or communication. So those processes or threads work only with its private memory. Shared memory with read-only access :- Here, the shared memory can be accessed by one or more processes or threads at the same time. But in this situation, the shared memory is only available for processes or threads to read-only. So the shared memory cannot be modified in this situation. Copy-on-Write (COW) :- Here, the shared memory is accessed by one or more processes or threads at the same time and each process or thread has a separate copy of the shared memory. So each process is accessing its own copy of the shared memory and there is no risk of concurrency. Situation with risk of concurrency As well as the situations with no risk of concurrency, there are some situations with risk of concurrency in the current operating systems. Those situations can be explained as follows, Using of shared memory without any synchronization :- Here, if the shared memory is accessed by more than one processes or threads at the same time without and synchronization (without having any separate copy for each process or threads), there is a risk of concurrency. Any modification to the shared memory :- If the shared memory is accessed by more than one processes or threads, and at least one of the processes or threads makes any changes to the shared memory, then there is a risk of concurrency. These are the situations with risk of concurrency. If one of these happens, then there is a risk of concurrency in the system. If a concurrency is happened, then there may be a lot of problems in the system. And the risk of happening the concurrency is known as race condition. Race condition Under this topic, the race conditions is discussed by using an example. Here, an example of a bank account is taken to discuss the race condition. In this example, there are two peoples and a bank account. Execution of the code of this example as follows, account.balance =  £200; int withdraw (account, amount =  £50){ balance = account.balance; balance -= amount; int deposit (account, amount= £100){ balance = account.balance; balance += amount; account.balance = balance; return balance; } account.balance = balance; return balance; } For this example, the two persons are named as person1 and person2. The code executed by the person1 is coloured with blue colour while the code executed by the person2 is coloured with red colour. This is a sketch of the programme but not coded with any programming language. In the very first line, the balance of the account is set to  £200. The rest of the code is explained as follows, Line 1 :- person1 starts executing the code and calls the withdraw() by giving the account and  £50 of amount as the parameters. Line 2 :- person1 reads the balance from the account class and assigns the value of balance variable in account class to his balance variable in his withdraw(). Line 3 :- person1 modifies the value of the balance variable in his withdraw() by subtracting the value of amount. So the value of the balance variable in his withdraw() becomes  £150. Line 4 :- In this line, the person2 starts executing the code by calling his deposit() by parsing account and  £100 of amount as the parameters. Line 5 :- Here, person2 reads the value of the balance variable in account class and assigns it to the balance variable in his deposit(). Here, still the value of balance variable in account class is  £200 as the person1 has not updated the balance in account class. Line 6 :- Person2 modifies the value of the balance variable by adding the value of amount variable to it. So the value of balance variable in deposit() becomes  £300. Line 7 :- person1 updates the value of the balance variable in the account class as  £150. Line 8 :- person 1 returns the value of the balance variable in withdraw() Line 9 :- person2 updates the value of the balance variable in the account class as  £300 Line 10 :- person2 returns the value of the balance variable in his deposit() After executing this code 2 peoples complete their transactions by leaving the final value of the balance variable in account class as  £300 while the real value of the balance variable in account class has to be  £250. So there is clear error in the final output of the process and this is called as the race condition. Manage concurrency Manage Synchronization means, use synchronization mechanism programs to write rues for control concurrency situations. One of these rules are as follows: Atomicity Atomicity allows one threat to access data to manipulate at a single situation. In another way, will allows no other threats to change data while one is running. This will either will lock the threat is in progress of manipulating the record or let other records to be waiting while one record access record. The other rule is conditional synchronization In this explain threats will be in a particular order to access the record. When threats arrives to access record rule will check the order and add to the queue and let wait until the turn of the threat to access the records. All above access methods will be easy to implement when can identify which is the critical part of the process should allow to access at a time. i.e. When Person A accessing account balance person B not allows to access balance at the same time. If extract further as bellow. 1.int withdraw (account, amount) { 2.int balance = account.balance; 3.balance -= amount; 4.account.balance = balance; 5.return balance; 6.} Line 1: will initialize threat and pass external parameter values into the threat withdraw as account and amount in this situation. Line 2: will declare balance variable locally to retrieve stored account balance from the database for threat to process and pass account balance in the account table account.balance. Line 3: will manipulate balance variable value (in this situation, we will deduct since it is withdrawal) from the amount has been pass form external parameter. -= notation for the deduction. Line 4: will update database with new balance value after withdrawal amount deducted from original balance. balance which is a local variable holding the new balance transfer to the account.balance and update record with new balance value. Line 5: will return new balance value to the screen if necessary Line 6: will terminate the process of withdraw by } There will be no concurrent when two threat access lines 1, 5 and 6. But if any threat try to access lines 2, 3 and 4 will be given incorrect information for one of the threats. Therefore from line 2 to 4 is very critical to let access only for one threat at any given time of the process as explain bellow. int withdraw (account, amount) { int balance = account.balance; balance -= amount;Critical Section account.balance = balance; return balance; } This identified sections will call as a critical section in another word, no other threats will allows to access while one threat is using at any given time because data will be manipulate when access line 2, 3 and 4. Critical section Critical section is set of codes access shared resources and there are several ways of developing critical section such as: Locks, Semaphores, Monitors and Messages. In this report will describe locks and semaphores how behave and how priority will work. Locks in synchronization First method of synchronization is locks. Locking is a very primitive system been used. Lock will lock the threat in the critical section while it is processing the record. Mainly lock has two stats Held and Not Held. At the Held state, one threat is in the critical section and at the Not Held state no threats in the critical section and can prioritised threats to have access. Also locks having two operations Acquire and Release. Which threat will request the lock to be held to access critical section and once threat previously use critical section release the lock acquired thread will get a chance and change the state as held. When threat finish it process in the critical section must release the lock to use by the other threats which are waiting in the queue. Figure The above figure has explain how acquire and release will behave at the critical section access, i.e. threats A, B and C request access permission to critical section at the same time by Acquire operation and threat A will grant access with the lock Held state enable. Once threat complete the process will call release operation to change the lock state to Not Held and lock will change state to Held with threat B and so on will be proceed to complete different threat request at the critical section. By using previous example take a look where to use Acquire and Release operations threat. int withdraw (account, amount) { acquire (lock); // Request lock to held to access critical section int balance = account.balance; balance -= amount;Critical Section account.balance = balance; release (lock); // Release lock after complete critical section access return balance; } With further explanation considering previous withdraw and deposit situation Figure 2. Overcome concurrency situation had occurred while both people access same account balance to manipulate the amount. Figure When implement locks use Boolean variable to check is lock held TRUE or FALSE? Acquire operation will keep other threats in the waiting state while lock held values is TRUE. If lock held VALUE is false, will change to TRUE with requested threat. When the threat completed process in critical section will call release operation and change lock held value as FALSE to make lock available for other threats will show in below construct. First create a global Boolean type variable held values TRUE or FALSE to check is lock holding by a threat or not and by default lock will not hold by any threat and value will be FALSE. structure lock { bool held; // initial value FALSE } Construct acquire by requesting a lock to be held and if lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held value TRUE request threat will wait in the queue for lock to be released. If lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held is FALSE and by acquire change value of lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held to TRUE and take the control of the critical section access. void acquire (lock) { while (lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   held) ; // Hold other threats in the wait queue lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   held = TRUE; // Once get the lock, change lock value to TRUE } Construct release operation simply will change the start of lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held value to false and allows other threat to access critical section for the next process. void release (lock) { lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   held = FALSE; // When complete process in the critical section, change lock value to FALSE } Semaphores in synchronization This is the second method of synchronization. This method is a very basic and powerful mechanism but difficult Implementation method and use blocking threats to access critical section instead of locking threats while using critical section. Semaphores has two operations and they are: wait (semaphore) or P() First of all as soon as threat request access permission P() or wait (semaphore) will decrease the counter values which is 1 by default. Then check is counter value become 0 or signal (semaphore) or V() Once a threat complete process in the critical section will call V() or signal (semaphore) and will increase counter value by 1. i.e. if a P() had decrease counter value 0 while it was in critical section and no other threats can access, but second threat has decreased to -1 while requesting permission to access critical section and waited. Also since second threat is still waiting to get permission it goes to sleep mode, hence V() will wake up threat in a sleep to start it process in critical section explains in Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Figure Readers/Writers synchronization This is another powerful method of synchronization. In this method, the data is accessed by two different ways. Those two ways are, readers and writers. Here, the readers only read files and writers update file contents or data. There are four (4) rules while using the readers/writers synchronization methods and they are as follows, If any reader(s) read the file and no writer is pending, the next reader can read the file without waiting. Writers have to wait till the reader(s) finish reading file. After readers finish reading, writer(s) will can start writing. If any writer is writing to the file, acquiring readers have to wait till writer finish writing. If one writer is writing to the file and if both readers and writers are waiting, at this situation priority will be given for writers who are waiting. Therefore readers will wait till all writers to compete writing and then readers will start reading. So readers can read most updated file. Future trends of synchronization In the current situation, locks and semaphores are widely used in order to prevent the concurrency. So it is very important to deal with the codes in critical section as otherwise there will be a lot of problems with the reliability of information systems. However using of systems with the locks are not time efficiency. So in the current situation of the computer technology, there is a trend of implementing lock free systems. According to the previous example of shared street, the shared street has to be controlled by using traffic lights. So on the shared streets, only one direction is allowed at one time. So the other directions are blocked at the same time. But there is a technique that does not need of using any traffic lights on the shared street. Here, fly over technique can be used and avoid blocking the directions. So all the directions on the shared street can be used at once without having any problem. But here, this technique may has some more waiting time as the length of the street can be increased while using fly over technique. Like in this example, lock free systems can be implemented in information systems. Semaphore method can be taken as an example for lock free system. But here as well, the processes have to wait sometimes as in the give example of fly over technique on shared streets. The weakness of this method is that lock free and wait free features cannot be implemented in the same information system. So only one of these methods (lock free or wait free) can be implemented in information system.